Dictionary Entries: C

• 1 Chronicles — 1 Chronicles is an Old Testament history book that retells Israel's story with emphasis on David, temple worship, and covenant con
• 1 Corinthians — 1 Corinthians is a Pauline New Testament letter that addresses divisions, holiness, worship, resurrection, and orderly church life
• 2 Chronicles — 2 Chronicles is an Old Testament history book that recounts Judah's kings with special focus on temple worship, covenant faithfuln
• 2 Clement — An early Christian writing, probably a sermon or homily, traditionally associated with Clement of Rome but not regarded as Scriptu
• 2 Corinthians — 2 Corinthians is a Pauline New Testament letter that defends Paul's ministry and teaches about weakness, reconciliation, generosit
• Cab — A cab is a small ancient Hebrew dry measure mentioned in the Old Testament.
• Cabul — Cabul is a biblical place-name in northern Israel, known from Solomon’s transfer of Galilean towns to Hiram and from a location in
• Caesar — The Roman imperial title used in the New Testament for the ruling emperor and, by extension, the civil authority of the Roman stat
• Caesar cult — The Roman imperial practice of honoring the emperor with religious devotion, sometimes including acts, titles, or sacrifices that
• Caesarea Maritima — A major Roman coastal city in Judea, Caesarea Maritima appears in the New Testament as an important administrative center and a se
• Caesarea Philippi — A city in the far north of ancient Israel, near Mount Hermon and the headwaters of the Jordan, best known as the setting of Peter’
• Caiaphas — Caiaphas was the Jewish high priest during Jesus’ ministry who played a leading role in the proceedings against Jesus and is later
• Caiaphas Ossuary — An inscribed first-century Judean ossuary that is commonly, though not certainly, associated with Joseph Caiaphas, the high priest
• Cain — Cain was the first son of Adam and Eve and the brother who murdered Abel. Scripture presents him as a warning example of sinful an
• Cain and Abel — Cain and Abel were the first two sons of Adam and Eve recorded in Scripture. Their account centers on worship, sin, judgment, and
• Cainan — Cainan is a biblical personal name used in genealogies. It appears in the Old Testament genealogy of Noah’s line and again in Luke
• Cairo Geniza Fragments — The Cairo Geniza Fragments are a large collection of Jewish manuscript pieces preserved in a synagogue storeroom.
• Calamus — Calamus is a biblical plant term for an aromatic cane or reed used as a precious spice, especially in the holy anointing oil and i
• Caleb — Caleb was a faithful Israelite leader from the exodus generation, best known for trusting the Lord when most of the spies did not.
• Calf — A calf is a young bovine animal mentioned in Scripture in ordinary life, sacrifice, and imagery, and also in the golden calf episo
• Call of Abraham — The call of Abraham is God’s summons to Abram to leave his homeland and go to the land God would show him. This call begins the co
• Call of the First Disciples — The Gospel accounts of Jesus calling His earliest disciples to leave their former work and follow Him.
• Call to worship — An opening summons in corporate worship that invites God’s people to turn their attention to Him in reverence, praise, prayer, and
• Called out of Egypt — A biblical motif describing God’s deliverance of Israel from Egypt and, in Matthew’s Gospel, Jesus’ return from Egypt as the true
• calling — Calling refers to God's summons into salvation, service, or a particular sphere of faithful duty.
• Calvinism — Calvinism is a Reformed theological system that stresses God's sovereign election and a strong doctrine of grace.
• Cambyses — Cambyses II was a Persian king, the son and successor of Cyrus the Great, remembered in Bible background discussions of the Persia
• Camel — A camel is a large desert animal used in the Bible for travel, transport, and trade, and it often appears as a sign of wealth or l
• Cana — Cana was a town in Galilee best known as the site of Jesus’ first sign, turning water into wine at a wedding, and of the healing o
• Canaan — Canaan is the land promised to Abraham and later inhabited by Israel under God's covenant purposes.
• Canaanite religion — The pagan religious practices of ancient Canaan, especially worship of Baal, Asherah, and other local deities. In Scripture, it is
• Canaanite temple architecture — The design and layout of ancient Canaanite temples, including their courts, chambers, altars, and ritual spaces. It is a historica
• Canaanites — The Canaanites were the peoples living in the land of Canaan before and during Israel’s settlement there. In Scripture they are as
• CANDLESTICK — In Scripture, “candlestick” usually refers to a lampstand that holds and displays light. It can symbolize God-given light, worship
• CANKERWORM — An old Bible-English term for a destructive, locust-like insect that ravages crops and appears in prophetic judgment imagery.
• canon — Canon is the recognized collection of biblical books received as Holy Scripture.
• Canon formation — Canon formation is the historical process by which God’s people recognized which books belong to Holy Scripture. Christians unders
• canonical context — Canonical context is the way a passage is understood in relation to the whole of Scripture. It asks how a text fits within the Bib
• canonical criticism — Canonical criticism is an approach that interprets Scripture in its final canonical form and in relation to the whole canon receiv
• Canonical interpretation — An approach to interpreting Scripture that reads each passage in light of the whole canon, while still honoring its immediate cont
• Canonicity — Canonicity is the quality of belonging to the biblical canon—the books recognized as Holy Scripture. It concerns why certain writi
• canonization — Canonization is the historical recognition of which books belong to the biblical canon.
• Capernaum — Capernaum was a Galilean town on the northwest shore of the Sea of Galilee that became a major center of Jesus’ public ministry.
• Capitalism — Capitalism is an economic system centered on private property, voluntary exchange, capital investment, and market-based production
• CAPTAIN — A captain is a commander, chief officer, or leader; in some passages the English word reflects a broader biblical term for ruler o
• Captain of the Lord's Host — The title given to the mysterious figure who appears to Joshua in Joshua 5:13–15 as commander of the Lord’s army. Many conservativ
• Carbon dating — A radiometric method for estimating the age of once-living material by measuring the decay of radioactive carbon; it is a scientif
• Carbon-14 dating — A radiometric dating method used to estimate the age of once-living material; relevant to Christian origins discussions but not it
• Carchemish — An ancient city on the Euphrates River, remembered in Scripture for the battle in which Babylon defeated Egypt.
• Care for the poor — The biblical duty to show practical compassion, generosity, and justice toward people in need.
• Care for widows and orphans — A biblical command and moral duty to protect, provide for, and honor those lacking normal family support, especially widows and or
• Carmel — Carmel is a biblical place name that usually refers to Mount Carmel in northern Israel, and in a smaller number of passages to a t
• carnality — Carnality describes a flesh-governed way of thinking and living rather than a Spirit-governed one.
• Carolingian Renaissance — A medieval revival of learning, manuscript production, and church reform in the Frankish realm under Charlemagne and his successor
• Carpenter — A carpenter is a craftsman or builder who works with wood and related materials. In the Gospels, Jesus is called “the carpenter,”
• Cart — A cart is a wheeled vehicle used for transport. In Scripture it is especially remembered in accounts of transporting the ark, wher
• Cartesian dualism — Cartesian dualism is the philosophical view, associated with René Descartes, that mind and body are distinct kinds of reality. Chr
• Case laws — Case laws are specific Old Testament laws that apply God’s moral standards to concrete situations in Israel’s life under the Mosai
• Cast Lots — An ancient biblical practice of making decisions or assigning portions by lot; Scripture presents God as sovereign over the outcom
• Casting lots for garments — The soldiers at Jesus’ crucifixion divided His clothing and cast lots for His garment, fulfilling Scripture.
• Catechesis — Catechesis is the careful, systematic instruction of believers in the core truths and practices of the Christian faith.
• Categorical imperative — Immanuel Kant’s moral principle that one should act only on maxims that could be willed as universal law and that treat persons as
• Categories of sin — Categories of sin are biblical and theological ways of distinguishing kinds of sin, such as sins of commission and omission, inten
• Category — A category is a class or kind used to group things, ideas, or qualities. In philosophy, categories are basic ways people organize
• Catena — A catena is a chain or sequence of scriptural citations placed together in order to make a cumulative argument, reinforce a theme,
• CATERPILLAR — A biblical translation term for a crop-devouring insect, used in contexts of destruction, loss, and judgment. The exact species is
• Cattle — Cattle are domesticated herd animals, especially oxen and cows, that appear throughout Scripture as part of daily life, agricultur
• Cattle, Sheep, and Goats — Common domestic animals in the Bible, important for food, labor, wealth, and sacrifice. Scripture also uses them in imagery about
• causation — Causation refers to how effects arise from causes and, theologically, how created causes relate to God's sovereign action.
• Cause and effect — Cause and effect is the relation in which one event, action, or condition brings about or helps explain another. It is a basic con
• Caves as dwellings — A Bible-background topic describing the use of caves for shelter, hiding, temporary residence, and burial in the ancient Near East
• Cedar — A prominent Bible tree, especially the cedar of Lebanon, valued for its height, durability, fragrance, and beauty. Scripture also
• Cedar of Lebanon — A celebrated cedar tree from Lebanon, frequently used in Scripture as an image of strength, height, beauty, and durability, and al
• Cedars of Lebanon — The famous cedars of Lebanon are majestic trees used in Scripture both as valuable timber and as a symbol of strength, beauty, sta
• celibacy — Celibacy is a state of sexual abstinence embraced for faithful obedience, self-control, and undivided devotion to God.
• Census — An official counting or registration of people. In Scripture, censuses served civil, military, and administrative purposes; they w
• Centurion — A centurion was a Roman military officer, usually in command of about one hundred soldiers. In the New Testament, centurions often
• Cephas — Cephas is the Aramaic nickname Jesus gave Simon Peter, meaning “rock.” In the New Testament it refers to the apostle Peter.
• Ceremonial law — A traditional theological label for Old Testament laws connected with Israel’s worship—such as sacrifices, priestly duties, ritual
• Certainty — Certainty is a state of firm conviction in which doubt is regarded as settled or excluded. In philosophy and worldview discussion,
• Certainty of salvation — Certainty of salvation refers to confidence grounded in Christ and God's promises rather than mere feeling.
• Certitude — Certitude is settled conviction or firm assurance that something is true. In philosophy and theology, it concerns the grounds and
• Cessationism — Cessationism is the view that miraculous sign gifts were limited mainly to the apostolic era and are not normal for the church tod
• Cessationism and Continuationism — Two Christian views about whether certain spiritual gifts, especially miraculous and revelatory gifts, continue in the church toda
• Chaff — Chaff is the light, worthless husk separated from grain in threshing. In Scripture it often pictures the wicked, what is temporary
• Chalcedonian — Chalcedonian describes the orthodox teaching that Christ is one person with two natures, fully divine and fully human.
• Chalcedonian Definition — The historic church statement that Jesus Christ is one person in two natures, fully God and fully man.
• Chaldeans — An ancient people associated with southern Mesopotamia and, in Scripture, often identified with Babylon. The term can refer either
• Chamberlain — A chamberlain is a court or household official who serves a king or noble household; in Bible translations, the word may refer to
• chaos — Chaos refers to disorder, instability, and the breakdown of right order in contrast to God's ordering wisdom.
• Chaos theory — Chaos theory is the mathematical study of deterministic systems whose behavior can change dramatically with very small differences
• Character (vs. Attributes) — Character refers to how God's perfections are expressed morally and relationally, not merely listed as qualities.
• Character of God — The character of God is the moral beauty of who God always is toward His creatures.
• Characterization — Characterization is the way a biblical writer presents a person’s traits, motives, and actions within a narrative. It is a literar
• Chariot — A chariot is a horse-drawn vehicle used in the Bible for war, royal display, and symbolic imagery. It often represents military po
• Charis — Charis is a Greek word often rendered grace, favor, gratitude, or gift, and its meaning must be read in context rather than reduce
• Charismata — Spirit-given gifts of grace given to believers for the good of Christ’s church.
• Charismatic — Charismatic describes the modern Christian renewal movements that stress the present work of spiritual gifts.
• Charismatic Movement — A modern Christian renewal movement that emphasizes the present work of the Holy Spirit and the exercise of spiritual gifts such a
• chastening — Chastening is the loving discipline by which God corrects His children and trains them in holiness.
• chastity — Chastity is sexual purity expressed in faithful self-control and covenant holiness.
• cheap grace — Cheap grace is the distortion that offers forgiveness without repentance, obedience, or costly discipleship.
• cherubim — Cherubim are powerful angelic beings associated with the presence and holiness of God. In Scripture they appear in worship scenes
• chesed — Chesed is the Hebrew term often used for God's steadfast love, covenant loyalty, and faithful mercy.
• Chester Beatty papyri — A collection of early papyrus manuscripts containing portions of the Old and New Testaments, valued as an important witness to the
• chiasm — A chiasm is a mirrored literary arrangement in which ideas appear in reverse order to highlight a central point.
• Chief Priests — The chief priests were leading priests in Jerusalem, closely associated with the high priestly families and the administration of
• Child sacrifice — Child sacrifice is the sinful practice of offering children as sacrificial victims, a practice God strongly condemns in Scripture.
• Childbearing and childrearing — The bearing and nurturing of children within family life. Scripture presents children as a gift from the Lord and calls parents to
• Childbirth — Childbirth is the bearing of a child. In Scripture it is treated as a normal part of human life, marked by both God’s blessing and
• Childhood — The stage of human life from infancy to maturity. Scripture treats children as gifts from God who need care, instruction, and wise
• children — Children are gifts from God who are to be nurtured, protected, and taught in the fear of the Lord.
• Children of God — In Scripture, “children of God” ordinarily refers to those who belong to God through faith in Christ, having received new birth an
• Children of Israel — A biblical designation for the descendants of Jacob (Israel), commonly referring to the covenant people of God in the Old Testamen
• Chimham — Chimham is a minor Old Testament figure associated with Barzillai the Gileadite and David’s return after Absalom’s rebellion.
• Chios — Chios is a Greek island in the Aegean Sea mentioned in Acts as a waypoint in Paul’s travel itinerary.
• Chislev — Chislev is the ninth month of the Hebrew calendar, used in Scripture mainly as a date marker in the post-exilic period.
• Chorazin — A Galilean town that Jesus rebuked for its unrepentance after witnessing His mighty works. In the Gospels, Chorazin stands as a wa
• Chosen People — The phrase most directly refers to Israel, the nation God chose for His covenant purposes and redemptive plan; in the New Testamen
• Christ — Christ is the title meaning “Anointed One,” used especially of Jesus as God’s promised Messiah. It identifies Him as the fulfillme
• Christ and exile/restoration — A biblical-theological theme that reads Jesus Christ as the fulfillment of God’s promises to bring his people out of sin’s exile a
• Christ as high priest — The biblical teaching that Jesus Christ is the perfect and final High Priest, representing His people before God and offering Hims
• Christ as light of the world — Jesus calls Himself the light of the world, meaning He reveals God, exposes darkness, and brings the life and truth people need fo
• Christ as temple — "Christ as temple" refers to the biblical truth that Jesus fulfills what the Old Testament temple signified: God’s dwelling with H
• Christ hymn — A scholarly label for New Testament passages that are poetic, confessional, or worship-shaped in their presentation of Jesus Chris
• Christian — A Christian is a person who belongs to Jesus Christ by faith and is identified with him in confession, discipleship, and new life.
• Christian philosophy — Christian philosophy is philosophical reflection shaped by biblical truth and historic Christian belief, carried out under the aut
• Christian rationalism — Christian rationalism is a way of thinking that gives reason a major role in Christian belief and argument, but can become problem
• Christian Science — Christian Science is a religious movement founded by Mary Baker Eddy that teaches a strongly metaphysical view of reality, includi
• Christian Standard Bible — A modern English Bible translation used for reading, study, teaching, and worship.
• Christian Virtues — Christian virtues are Christlike qualities of character produced by the Holy Spirit and cultivated through obedience to God. They
• Christianity — Christianity is the faith centered on the triune God, the person and work of Jesus Christ, and the gospel revealed in Scripture. I
• Christological controversies — Christological controversies are theological disputes about the person of Jesus Christ, especially how he is truly God and truly m
• Christological fulfillment — The teaching that the Old Testament reaches its fullest meaning and completion in Jesus Christ, who fulfills God’s promises, patte
• Christology — Christology is the study of the person and work of Jesus Christ.
• Christology is the study of the person and work of Jesus Christ — Christology is the study of who Jesus is and what He accomplished as Messiah, Lord, and Savior.
• Christophany — An appearance of Christ, usually understood as a preincarnate appearance of the Son of God. The term is often used for possible Ol
• Christus Victor — A theological description of Christ’s saving work that emphasizes His victory over sin, death, and the devil through the cross and
• Chronological Snobbery — An uncritical bias that treats newer ideas as automatically better or truer than older ones simply because they are modern.
• Chrysoprase — A precious stone named among the foundation stones of the New Jerusalem in Revelation 21:20; usually understood as a green gemston
• Church — The church is the redeemed people of God gathered under Christ as His body, temple, and witness in the world.
• Church and state — The relationship between civil government and the church. Scripture distinguishes their roles while teaching that both are account
• Church as Body of Christ — The church is called the body of Christ to show the living union of believers with Christ and with one another. Christ is the head
• Church as Bride of Christ — A biblical metaphor describing the redeemed people of God in covenant relationship with Christ, highlighting His love, their holin
• Church as restored people — A theological phrase for the church as the people God redeems and renews in Christ, with the exact relation to Israel requiring ca
• Church as temple — The New Testament teaches that the gathered people of God are God’s temple, because his Spirit dwells among them. This image empha
• Church as Temple of the Spirit — The New Testament teaches that God’s people together are His temple, indwelt by the Holy Spirit. This image emphasizes God’s prese
• Church Discipline — Church discipline is the corrective care by which a congregation seeks repentance, holiness, and restored fellowship.
• Church Ethics — Church ethics is the application of Scripture’s moral teaching to the life of the church—its worship, relationships, leadership, d
• Church Fathers — Influential early Christian teachers, pastors, and writers whose works help illuminate the history of doctrine and biblical interp
• Church Fathers Writings — The writings of the Church Fathers are early Christian sermons, letters, commentaries, and doctrinal works from the first centurie
• Church Growth Movement — A modern ministry approach that seeks to understand and apply principles for evangelism, disciple-making, and congregational incre
• Church membership — Church membership is a believer’s recognized commitment to a local church body under Christ’s lordship, expressed in shared worshi
• Church models — Church models are frameworks for describing how Christians understand the church’s structure, leadership, worship, and ministry pr
• Church orders — Early Christian writings that set out practical instructions for worship, leadership, discipline, and communal life. They are usef
• Church planting — Church planting is the ministry of establishing a new local congregation through gospel proclamation, disciple-making, baptism, te
• Church Worship — The gathered, corporate worship of God’s people in prayer, praise, Scripture, preaching, giving, baptism, and the Lord’s Supper; i
• Cilicia — Cilicia was a region and later a Roman province in southeastern Asia Minor, along the northeastern Mediterranean coast. In the New
• Cinnamon — Cinnamon is a fragrant spice mentioned in the Bible, especially in connection with sacred anointing oil, perfume, and luxury trade
• Circular Reasoning — Circular reasoning is an error in argument where the conclusion is assumed in the premises. Instead of proving a claim, the argume
• Circumcision — The removal of the male foreskin, used in Scripture as the covenant sign given to Abraham and his descendants, and later contraste
• Circumcision, Heart — The inward spiritual change signified by physical circumcision: a heart turned to God in repentance, faith, and obedient covenant
• CISTERN — A cistern is a man-made reservoir for storing water. In Scripture it appears mainly as a literal feature of daily life, but it can
• City — A city is a settled human community with organized social, economic, and political life. In Scripture, cities often become setting
• City fortifications — Walls, gates, towers, ramps, and other defenses built to protect an ancient city.
• City gates — The city gate in the Bible was the main public entrance to a city and a central place for legal decisions, trade, announcements, a
• City of David — A biblical place-name that usually refers to the fortified area of Jerusalem David captured from the Jebusites and made his royal
• City on a Hill — "City on a Hill" comes from Jesus’ words in Matthew 5:14, where he says a city set on a hill cannot be hidden. It pictures the vis
• City walls and gates — Walls and gates were basic features of ancient biblical cities, providing defense, regulating access, and serving as places for ci
• Civic identity — Civic identity is a social-world label for belonging, loyalty, status, and public identity within city or civic frameworks in the
• Civil and Judicial Law — The civil and judicial law is the body of Mosaic legislation that governed Israel’s public life, courts, penalties, restitution, p
• Civil disobedience — The refusal to obey a human law or command when obedience would require disobedience to God.
• civil government — Civil government is a God-ordained sphere of public authority meant to restrain evil and promote civil order.
• Civil law — A theological term for the case laws and judicial regulations God gave Israel to govern public life under the Mosaic covenant. Chr
• Civilization — Civilization is an advanced form of human social life marked by organized institutions, laws, learning, arts, and public order. It
• Clan and tribal structure — The kinship-based social organization of ancient Israel, in which households, clans, and tribes shaped identity, leadership, inher
• CLAPPING — Clapping in Scripture is a bodily gesture that may express joy, approval, praise, mockery, or hostile triumph depending on context
• Clarity — Clarity is the teaching that Scripture communicates God’s truth plainly enough for its main message to be understood. It does not
• clarity of Scripture — Clarity of Scripture means the Bible speaks understandably enough to communicate God's saving truth.
• Clark-Van Til controversy — The Clark-Van Til controversy was a twentieth-century Reformed debate about the relation of divine revelation, human knowledge, lo
• Classical apologetics — Classical apologetics is a method of defending the Christian faith that typically begins by arguing for the existence of God and t
• Classical education — Classical education is an educational approach that emphasizes grammar, logic, rhetoric, and engagement with classic texts in orde
• Classical foundationalism — Classical foundationalism is the epistemological view that some beliefs are properly basic because they are self-evident, indubita
• Classical Greek period — The major era of ancient Greek history and culture that preceded the Hellenistic age; it is background information rather than a b
• Classical Theism — Classical Theism is the historic Christian understanding of God as eternal, self-existent, simple, and unchanging.
• Classical uncertainty — Classical uncertainty is uncertainty understood as incomplete knowledge about a reality that is still assumed to be definite. It c
• Claudius Caesar — Claudius Caesar was the Roman emperor during part of the New Testament era. Acts mentions his reign in connection with a famine an
• Clause types — Grammatical categories that describe how clauses function in a sentence, such as independent and dependent clauses or statements,
• Clean & Unclean Laws — Old Testament purity regulations that distinguished between what was ceremonially clean and unclean in matters such as food, skin
• Clean and Unclean — “Clean” and “unclean” are biblical categories that describe whether a person, animal, food, or object was fit or unfit for certain
• Clean and Unclean Distinctions — Old Testament categories that marked whether a person, animal, object, or condition was ceremonially fit for Israel’s covenant wor
• Clean and unclean foods — In the Old Testament, God distinguished certain animals as clean or unclean for Israel’s diet and worship life. In the New Testame
• Cleansing — Cleansing in Scripture is the removal of impurity or defilement, whether ceremonial, moral, or spiritual. In the Old Testament it
• Cleansing of the Temple — Jesus’ driving out of the merchants and money changers from the temple courts, showing His authority, zeal for true worship, and j
• Cleft of the Rock — A biblical image drawn chiefly from Exodus 33:21–23, where God places Moses in a cleft of the rock and shields him while His glory
• Clement (Philippians) — A Christian coworker mentioned by Paul in Philippians 4:3. Scripture gives no further certain identification of him.
• Clement of Alexandria — An early Christian teacher and writer associated with Alexandria in the late second and early third centuries, important for churc
• Clement of Rome — An early Christian leader associated with the church in Rome near the end of the first century, best known for the letter 1 Clemen
• Clergy — A historical and ecclesiastical term for ordained or officially recognized church leaders. The New Testament more commonly speaks
• climax — The highest point or decisive turning point in a narrative, argument, or passage of Scripture.
• Cloak — A cloak is an outer garment worn in Bible times for warmth, protection, travel, and everyday use. Scripture also uses cloaks in sc
• Closing greetings — Closing greetings are the concluding words of a biblical letter, often including personal salutations, final exhortations, travel
• Clothing and Adornment — Biblical teaching on clothing and adornment concerns modesty, dignity, identity, stewardship, and the heart attitudes expressed th
• Cloud — In Scripture, a cloud can function as a visible sign of God's presence, glory, guidance, or judgment, especially in scenes of reve
• CLOUD and Fiery Pillar — The cloud and fiery pillar was the visible manifestation of the Lord’s presence that guided and protected Israel in the wilderness
• CLUSTER — A cluster is a bunch or bunching of grapes or similar fruit. In Scripture, it is usually a concrete agricultural term, but it can
• Coals of Fire — A biblical image for burning judgment, purification, or a vivid moral response to kindness shown to an enemy, depending on the pas
• Coat of Many Colors — The special robe Jacob gave Joseph, marking him out with favored status and helping trigger his brothers’ jealousy. The exact styl
• Code of Hammurabi — An ancient Babylonian law collection associated with King Hammurabi, often used as historical background for reading Old Testament
• codex — A codex is an ancient book made of pages bound together rather than a scroll.
• Codex Alexandrinus — Codex Alexandrinus is an important ancient Greek manuscript of much of the Bible.
• Codex Sinaiticus — Codex Sinaiticus is one of the earliest major Greek manuscripts of the Bible.
• Codex Vaticanus — Codex Vaticanus is one of the earliest and most important Greek manuscripts of the Bible.
• Coffin — A coffin is a burial container used to hold a dead body. In Scripture it appears only as a rare historical detail, not as a theolo
• cognate — A cognate is a related word in the same or a related language that comes from a similar root.
• Cognition — Cognition is the activity of the mind in knowing, perceiving, remembering, reasoning, and understanding. It refers broadly to how
• Cognitive Dissonance — Cognitive dissonance is the mental and emotional tension a person feels when beliefs, attitudes, or actions conflict. The term com
• Cognitive Faculties — Cognitive faculties are the human capacities for thinking, perceiving, remembering, reasoning, and judging. The term is mainly use
• Coherence — Coherence is the quality of ideas or beliefs fitting together consistently and without contradiction. In philosophy, it often refe
• Coherence test of truth — A coherence test of truth evaluates a claim by asking whether it fits consistently with the rest of a belief system, without inter
• Cohesion markers — Cohesion markers are words and textual features that connect clauses, sentences, and paragraphs so readers can follow the flow of
• Coin — A coin is a stamped piece of money used in Bible times for taxes, wages, offerings, trade, and everyday spending.
• Coinage and money — Money and coinage in the Bible include weighed metal, wages, taxes, offerings, trade, and later coined currency. Scripture treats
• Colossae — Colossae was an ancient city in the Lycus Valley of Asia Minor, known in the New Testament as the home of the church addressed in
• Colossians — Colossians is a Pauline New Testament letter that magnifies Christ's supremacy and calls believers to live in Him rather than in f
• Colt — A colt is a young donkey. In the Gospels, Jesus rides a colt into Jerusalem as a sign of humble kingship and fulfillment of prophe
• comfort — Comfort refers to the strengthening help God gives to His people in sorrow, fear, and hardship.
• Comforter — Comforter is a title Jesus used for the Holy Spirit, especially in John’s Gospel. It points to the Spirit’s work of helping, teach
• Commandment — A commandment is a directive God gives that calls for obedience. In Scripture, the term can refer to specific laws, individual com
• Commentaries — Commentaries are books or digital resources that explain Scripture passage by passage. They can be helpful study tools, but they a
• Commerce and trade routes — The networks, markets, caravans, seaports, and travel corridors by which goods and people moved in the biblical world.
• common good — The common good is the shared welfare of human communities pursued in ways consistent with justice and love of neighbor.
• common grace — Common grace refers to God's undeserved kindness shown broadly in the world, not only to the saved.
• Common ground — Common ground is the shared truths, experiences, assumptions, or moral awareness that make meaningful communication and argument p
• communicable attributes — Communicable attributes are divine perfections that creatures can reflect in limited ways, such as love, justice, and wisdom.
• communion — Communion is the shared meal of remembrance in which believers proclaim Christ’s death and their fellowship in Him.
• Communion (Lord's Supper) — The Lord's Supper remembers Christ's death and proclaims Him together.
• Communion and Fellowship — The shared life believers have with God through Christ and with one another in the church; in some contexts, “communion” also refe
• Community of Goods — “Community of goods” refers to the voluntary sharing of possessions among believers seen especially in the early Jerusalem church.
• Community Rule — A Dead Sea Scrolls document, usually identified as 1QS, that describes the beliefs, discipline, and communal life of a sectarian J
• compassion — Compassion describes God's tender mercy toward the weak, suffering, and needy.
• Compatibilism — Compatibilism is the view that determinism and genuine human freedom are compatible. In Christian discussion, it is often used to
• Comprehensibility of God — The comprehensibility of God asks whether and how human beings can truly know God. Christian theology affirms that God is genuinel
• Concept — A concept is a mental notion or idea by which a person understands and classifies something. In philosophy, concepts are basic too
• Concordance — A concordance is an index of biblical words and their occurrences that helps readers locate passages and compare word usage.
• Concordance fallacy — The concordance fallacy is the mistake of treating every possible meaning of a biblical word as if it were present in one passage.
• Concordances — A concordance is a Bible study reference tool that lists where words appear in Scripture, helping readers trace themes and compare
• Concubine — A concubine was a woman in a recognized secondary marital relationship to a man, with lower status and protection than a wife. Scr
• concupiscence — Concupiscence is strong sinful desire, especially inward craving that pulls a person toward sin. In older Bible usage, it often re
• concurrence — Concurrence is the doctrine that God works through created causes without canceling their real action.
• condemnation — Condemnation is the judicial state of standing guilty before God's righteous judgment.
• Conditional sentences — A conditional sentence expresses a relationship between a condition and a result, usually in an “if...then” form. In Bible study,
• Confess — To confess is to acknowledge openly. In Scripture, it commonly means admitting sin before God or declaring the truth about God and
• confession — Confession is the honest acknowledgment of sin to God and, where fitting, to others in repentance and faith.
• Confession of Sin — Confession of sin means honestly agreeing with God about your sin and turning back to Him.
• Confirmation Bias — Confirmation bias is the tendency to favor information that supports what a person already believes and to discount evidence that
• Conflict resolution — Conflict resolution is the biblical practice of addressing disputes in ways that pursue truth, repentance, forgiveness, peace, and
• Congregationalism — A form of church government in which each local congregation, under Christ’s authority and the guidance of Scripture, governs its
• Congregationalist — Congregationalist refers to a church tradition that gives strong authority to the local congregation.
• Conjunction — A conjunction is a connecting word that joins words, phrases, clauses, or sentences and shows how they relate grammatically or log
• Conquest — Conquest is Israel's taking of the land under Joshua after the wilderness generation.
• Conquest Campaigns — Israel's military entrance into and occupation of Canaan under Joshua, presented in Scripture as part of God's covenant faithfulne
• Conquest of Canaan — Israel’s taking possession of the land God promised to Abraham and his descendants, especially through Joshua’s leadership.
• Conscience — Conscience is the inner moral awareness that accuses or approves.
• Consecrate — To consecrate is to set apart a person, object, place, or time for God's special use. In Scripture, consecration is tied to holine
• consecration — Consecration is the setting apart of a person, thing, or life to God for holy use.
• Consequences of sin — The consequences of sin are the harmful results that follow human rebellion against God. Scripture describes these consequences as
• Consequent (Logic) — In logic, the consequent is the “then” part of a conditional statement. It names what is said to follow if the antecedent is true.
• Consolation of Israel — A biblical expression for the comfort and saving restoration God promised to Israel, especially as associated in Luke 2:25 with th
• Constantine and Christianity — The relationship between the Roman emperor Constantine I and the Christian church, especially the legal and political changes that
• Constitution of Man — The doctrine of human nature as created by God, especially the relation of the body to the immaterial aspects of soul and spirit.
• Construct chains — A construct chain is a Hebrew grammatical pattern in which two or more nouns form a dependent phrase, with the first noun modifyin
• Construction of the Tabernacle — Israel’s building of the portable sanctuary God commanded in the wilderness, carried out in careful obedience to the pattern revea
• consubstantial — Consubstantial means sharing the same essence, especially in speaking of the Son's full deity with the Father.
• consummation — Consummation refers to the final completion of God's redemptive plan and kingdom purposes.
• Contact with dead — Attempts to communicate with the dead are forbidden in Scripture. God’s people are directed to seek the Lord rather than mediums,
• Contention — Contention is quarrelsome strife, rivalry, or a combative spirit that disrupts peace and unity. Scripture generally treats it as s
• contentment — Contentment is restful satisfaction in God that resists grasping, envy, and disordered desire.
• Context — Context is the surrounding setting that determines the proper meaning of a word, statement, or event in Scripture.
• Contextual absolutism — A moral view holding that objective absolutes are real, but their faithful application depends on the specific facts, motives, and
• Contextual meaning — Contextual meaning is the sense a word, phrase, or passage has in its immediate and broader biblical setting. It reminds readers t
• contingency — Contingency means created things are not self-existent and could not exist apart from God's will.
• Contingent — Contingent means dependent and non-necessary rather than self-existent.
• Contingent Property — A contingent property is a feature something has that is not necessary to its being what it is.
• Continuationism — Continuationism is the view that New Testament spiritual gifts may still operate today under biblical testing and order.
• Continuity and Discontinuity in the New Testament — The theological question of what continues and what changes between the Old Covenant and the New Covenant after Christ’s coming.
• Continuous creation — Continuous creation refers to God's ongoing sustaining of the world rather than leaving it to run on its own.
• Contradiction — A contradiction is a pair or combination of claims that cannot both be true in the same sense at the same time. It is a basic conc
• conversion — Conversion is the turning of a sinner to God in repentance and faith.
• Conversionism — Conversionism is the emphasis that people must personally repent, believe the gospel, and be transformed by Christ. In historical
• conviction — Conviction is the Spirit's exposing work by which sin, truth, and accountability are pressed onto the conscience.
• Conviction of sin — Conviction of sin is the Spirit-enabled recognition that one has sinned against God and needs repentance and forgiveness.
• Copper — Copper is a metal mentioned in the Bible in connection with tools, weapons, furnishings, and trade. In many passages, English vers
• Coptic versions — Ancient Coptic translations of Scripture used by Egyptian Christians and valued chiefly as witnesses to the Bible’s textual histor
• Corban — Corban is a vow term for something dedicated to God, used in Mark 7 for a practice that could be misused to avoid caring for paren
• Corinth — Corinth was a major Greek city in the New Testament and a key setting for Paul’s ministry and the letters of 1 and 2 Corinthians.
• Corn, Wine, and Oil — A biblical expression for the staple produce of the land—grain, wine, and olive oil—used as a sign of covenant blessing, provision
• Cornelius — Cornelius was a Roman centurion in Acts 10 whose encounter with Peter marked a major turning point in the church’s mission to the
• Cornerstone — In Scripture, “cornerstone” is a building image used especially of Christ as the essential and honored foundation stone of God’s s
• Coronation — Coronation is the public enthronement or royal installation of a king. In biblical theology, it includes the setting apart and pub
• Corporate and covenantal dimensions of sin — The biblical teaching that sin has both personal guilt and corporate consequences within families, nations, and covenant communiti
• Corporate election — Corporate election is the view that election is centered in Christ and his people as a body, with individuals sharing in that elec
• Corporate solidarity — Corporate solidarity is the biblical pattern in which a representative person stands in close relation to a people so that their s
• Corporate worship — Corporate worship is the gathered worship of God’s people as a church, including prayer, praise, Scripture, teaching, fellowship,
• Correspondence test of truth — The correspondence test of truth says a statement is true if it agrees with reality as things actually are. It is a philosophical
• corruption — Corruption describes the moral and spiritual ruin that sin brings into human nature and life.
• Cosmic conflict — A theological summary of Scripture’s portrayal of the real spiritual struggle between God’s kingdom and evil powers, including Sat
• Cosmic personalism — A broad philosophical label for the view that ultimate reality is personal or mind-like rather than impersonal.
• Cosmogony — Cosmogony refers to the origin of the cosmos or the account of how the world came to be.
• Cosmological Argument — A family of philosophical arguments that infer a first cause, necessary being, or ultimate explanation from the existence, conting
• Cosmology — Cosmology concerns the structure, order, and meaning of the world as a whole.
• Cosmos — Cosmos means the ordered universe or world considered as a whole. In Christian thought, it is not ultimate, divine, or self-existi
• Council — In the New Testament, “council” usually refers to the Jewish ruling body in Jerusalem, commonly called the Sanhedrin.
• Council of Chalcedon — A major church council held in AD 451 that gave a classic orthodox statement of Christ’s person: one Person in two natures, fully
• Council of Constance — A major Roman Catholic church council (1414–1418) in Constance, best known for helping end the Western Schism and for debating chu
• Council of Constantinople I — An early church council held in AD 381 that reaffirmed Nicene orthodoxy and clarified the church’s confession of the Holy Spirit’s
• Council of Constantinople II — The Second Council of Constantinople was an ecumenical church council held in AD 553 that addressed major Christological disputes
• Council of Constantinople III — The Third Council of Constantinople (AD 680–681), also called the Sixth Ecumenical Council, affirmed that Jesus Christ has two wil
• Council of Ephesus — An early church council held in AD 431 that affirmed orthodox Christology, especially that Jesus Christ is one person and truly Go
• Council of Jerusalem — The Jerusalem Council was the apostles and elders’ meeting in Acts 15 that settled whether Gentile believers must be circumcised a
• Council of Nicaea I — The Council of Nicaea I was the first ecumenical church council, held in AD 325, that condemned Arian teaching and confessed the f
• Council of Nicaea II — The Second Council of Nicaea (A.D. 787) was a major church council that addressed the use and veneration of icons in Christian lif
• Council of Trent — A major Roman Catholic church council held from 1545 to 1563 in response to the Protestant Reformation, defining and defending key
• countenance — In Scripture, countenance usually means the face or facial expression, and by extension can refer to outward appearance, a person’
• Counter-imperial — An interpretive label for readings that highlight tension between biblical claims and imperial ideology, ruler worship, or politic
• Counter-Reformation — The Counter-Reformation was the Roman Catholic Church’s response to the Protestant Reformation in the sixteenth and seventeenth ce
• courage — Courage is steadfast obedience to God in the face of fear, danger, or opposition.
• Court of Gentiles — The outer court of the Jerusalem temple complex in the Second Temple period, associated with the presence of Gentiles and with pub
• Court of Israel — A later Jewish name for an inner area of the temple courts associated with Israelite men and distinguished from the Court of the W
• Court of priests — The court of priests is the inner temple area reserved for priestly ministry, especially sacrifice and service at the altar. It is
• Court of women — An outer court of the Jerusalem temple complex, associated with the Second Temple period and accessible to Jewish women and men.
• Covenant — A covenant is a binding relationship established by God with promises, obligations, and signs.
• covenant blessings — Covenant blessings are the benefits God promises in connection with covenant faithfulness.
• Covenant context — The covenant setting of a biblical passage: the specific covenantal relationships, promises, commands, and obligations that frame
• covenant curses — Covenant curses are the judgments attached to covenant unfaithfulness and rebellion.
• Covenant definition and ANE background — A covenant is a solemn, binding relationship established by God and shaped by his promises, commands, signs, and covenant blessing
• covenant faithfulness — Covenant faithfulness is God's steadfast reliability to keep His word and covenant commitments.
• covenant loyalty — Covenant loyalty refers to steadfast faithfulness within a covenant relationship.
• covenant marriage — Covenant marriage is the exclusive, lifelong union of husband and wife established by God and marked by fidelity.
• Covenant nomism — A modern scholarly label, associated especially with E. P. Sanders, for describing a proposed pattern in Second Temple Judaism in
• Covenant of Redemption — A theological term for God’s eternal saving purpose in Christ, especially the Father’s sending of the Son and the Son’s willing ob
• Covenant of Works — A Reformed theological term for God’s pre-fall arrangement with Adam, in which obedience was required and death followed disobedie
• Covenant sanctions — The blessings and judgments attached to a covenant, especially the promises for obedience and the warnings for disobedience found
• Covenant signs — Visible markers God appoints to identify, confirm, or remind His people of His covenant dealings.
• Covenant Structure — Covenant structure refers to the arrangement of a biblical covenant—its parties, promises, obligations, signs, blessings, and pena
• Covenant structure of Scripture — A way of reading the Bible that sees God’s covenants as a major unifying thread in Scripture’s storyline.
• Covenant terms — The stated provisions of a biblical covenant, including its promises, obligations, signs, blessings, and sanctions.
• Covenant Theology — Covenant Theology is a Protestant system that stresses the unity of God's redemptive plan and often reads Israel and the church mo
• Covenant theology vs. Dispensationalism debate — An evangelical debate about how the Bible’s covenants, redemptive history, Israel, the church, and prophecy relate to one another.
• covenant treason — Covenant treason describes rebellion against God not merely as rule-breaking but as betrayal of covenant Lordship.
• Covenant, Abrahamic — The Abrahamic Covenant is God’s covenant with Abraham, in which He promised land, offspring, and blessing to Abraham and through h
• Covenant, Davidic — The Davidic covenant is God’s promise to David that his royal line would continue and that his throne and kingdom would be establi
• Covenant, Mosaic — The covenant God made with Israel through Moses at Sinai, establishing Israel’s covenant life under God’s law with blessings for o
• Covenant, New — God’s promised covenant of salvation fulfilled in Jesus Christ, bringing forgiveness of sins, inward renewal, and Spirit-enabled o
• covenantal context — The covenantal setting in which a biblical passage stands, understood in light of God’s covenant dealings, promises, obligations,
• Covenantal Framework — A covenantal framework is a way of reading Scripture that emphasizes God’s covenants as the organizing structure of redemptive his
• Covenants with Israel — The major covenant commitments God made in Scripture in connection with Israel, including the Abrahamic, Mosaic, priestly, Davidic
• Covenants, Law, and Ethics — Umbrella topic on how biblical covenants relate to divine law and Christian obedience.
• covetousness — Covetousness is sinful craving for what God has not given and a form of idolatrous desire.
• Crafts and trades — The Bible mentions many skilled occupations such as carpentry, metalwork, weaving, pottery, stonecutting, and tentmaking. These cr
• Creation — Creation is everything God made and sustains by His wisdom, power, and will.
• Creation Accounts — Biblical passages, especially Genesis 1–2, that describe God’s creation of the world and present him as the sovereign Creator of a
• Creation care — Creation care is the biblical responsibility to steward the created world under God’s authority with wisdom, gratitude, and restra
• Creation Day — Creation Day refers to one of the ordered days of the Genesis creation account.
• Creation ex nihilo — Creation ex nihilo means God created all things out of nothing, not from pre-existing material.
• Creation myths — A comparative-religion label for ancient stories that explain the origin of the world, humanity, or the gods. In Bible study, it s
• Creation of Adam and Eve — The creation of Adam and Eve is the biblical account of God directly making the first man and the first woman in Genesis. Scriptur
• Creation of humanity — The creation of humanity is God’s act of making human beings in his image as male and female. Scripture presents humanity as uniqu
• Creation Order — Creation order refers to the moral, relational, and creational patterns God established in creation before the fall.
• Creation out of nothing — Creation out of nothing means God brought the world into being without using pre-existing material.
• Creation views — Creation views is an umbrella term for the main Christian interpretations of Genesis 1–2 and related Bible teaching on origins. Ch
• Creation-Fall-Redemption-New Creation arc — A summary of the Bible’s grand storyline: God created the world good, humanity fell into sin, God accomplishes redemption through
• Creationism vs. traducianism — A Christian debate about how individual human souls originate: creationism says God directly creates each soul, while traducianism
• Creator — Creator is a title for God as the one who made all things and rules over what he has made. Scripture presents creation as the work
• Creator-creature distinction — Creator-creature distinction means God is not part of creation and creation is never equal to God.
• creatureliness — Creatureliness refers to the condition of being created, dependent, limited, and accountable before God.
• Credulity — Credulity is an uncritical tendency to believe claims too easily, without adequate evidence, testing, or discernment.
• Creed — A creed is a formal statement of Christian belief. It summarizes key biblical truths for teaching, confession, and guarding sound
• Creeds and Councils — Historic creeds and church councils are subordinate summaries and clarifications of Christian doctrine. They can faithfully reflec
• Crete — Crete is a large Mediterranean island named in the New Testament as a setting for Paul’s voyage and Titus’s ministry.
• CRIMSON — A deep red color in Scripture, used both literally for dyed materials and symbolically in contexts of luxury, sacrifice, and clean
• Crispus — Crispus was a synagogue ruler in Corinth who believed in the Lord through Paul’s ministry and was baptized, along with his househo
• Criteria for Canonicity — The criteria for canonicity are the marks used to recognize which books belong in the biblical canon. In evangelical theology, the
• Criteria of canonicity — The marks historically used to recognize which books belong to the biblical canon; in evangelical theology, they describe recognit
• critical text — A critical text is an edited form of the biblical text made by comparing many manuscripts and readings.
• CROOKED — A biblical image for what is morally twisted, deceitful, or off God’s straight path; in some contexts it can also describe what is
• Crops — Crops are cultivated plants grown for food and other uses. In Scripture, they are part of God’s ordinary provision through seedtim
• Cross — Where Christ died to bear sin and accomplish redemption.
• Cross-Bearing — Cross-bearing is the Christian call to follow Jesus in self-denial, obedient discipleship, and willingness to suffer for His sake.
• Cross-cultural mission — Christian witness and ministry carried out across significant cultural, ethnic, or linguistic boundaries, especially in taking the
• Crossing the Jordan — Israel’s crossing of the Jordan River under Joshua, when the Lord brought His people into the Promised Land in a decisive act of c
• Crossing the Red Sea — The Lord’s miraculous deliverance of Israel through the sea after the exodus from Egypt, in which Pharaoh’s army was destroyed.
• Crown — In Scripture, a crown is either a literal royal headpiece or a figurative symbol of honor, authority, victory, and reward from God
• Crucicentrism — Crucicentrism is the Christian theological emphasis that places the cross of Christ at the center of the gospel and of salvation h
• crucifixion — Crucifixion refers to Christ's death on the cross and the Roman execution method by which He was put to death.
• Crucifixion and Burial — The crucifixion and burial of Jesus are the historical events by which He died on the cross and was laid in a tomb. Together they
• Cruciform Theology (Cross-Shaped Understanding of God) — Cruciform theology reads God's saving work and Christian life in the shape of the cross.
• Cruciformity — Cruciformity is a theological term for a life shaped by the meaning and pattern of Christ’s cross: humble obedience, self-denial,
• Crusades — The Crusades were a series of medieval military campaigns launched under Latin Christian leadership, especially in connection with
• Cubit — An ancient biblical unit of length, based roughly on the distance from the elbow to the fingertips, usually estimated at about 18
• Cultic objects — Physical objects used in worship or ritual, whether in true worship of the Lord or in idolatrous religion.
• Cultural Mandate — The cultural mandate is the creation calling God gave humanity to fill the earth, exercise wise dominion, and steward its resource
• Cuneiform writing — An ancient wedge-shaped writing system used across the Near East; valuable for biblical background, but not a theological category
• Cup — In Scripture, a cup often symbolizes a person’s appointed portion from God, whether blessing or judgment. It can also refer especi
• Curse — In Scripture, a curse is a divine judgment that brings harm, loss, or exclusion because of sin or covenant unfaithfulness. It stan
• Cush — Cush is a biblical land and people group usually located south of Egypt, often associated with ancient Nubia or Ethiopia. In Scrip
• Cushite — A Cushite is a person from Cush, the biblical region south of Egypt, often associated with Nubia or ancient Ethiopia. The term is
• Cut a Covenant — A biblical idiom meaning to make or establish a covenant, often reflecting the solemn ancient practice of ratifying an agreement w
• Cymbals — Cymbals are metal percussion instruments mentioned in the Bible, especially in temple worship and joyful praise.
• Cynicism — Cynicism is a distrustful, fault-finding posture that expects selfish or evil motives in others. Scripture warns against corrosive
• Cynics — An ancient Greek philosophical movement that prized austere living, self-sufficiency, and disregard for social convention. It is a
• Cyprian — Cyprian of Carthage was a third-century Christian bishop, martyr, and influential early church writer.
• Cyprian of Carthage — Cyprian of Carthage was a third-century bishop of North Africa, a martyr, and an influential Latin Christian writer known for his
• Cyprianic unity controversy — A third-century church-history label for controversies associated with Cyprian of Carthage over church unity, episcopal authority,
• Cyprus — Cyprus is a large island in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. In the New Testament it is especially associated with Barnabas and with
• Cyrene — An ancient city in North Africa, best known in the New Testament as the home region of Simon of Cyrene and as a source of Jewish b
• Cyrenean — A Cyrenean is a person from Cyrene, a city in North Africa. In the New Testament, the term is especially associated with Simon of
• Cyrenians — Cyrenians are people from Cyrene, a North African city with a significant Jewish diaspora presence; the New Testament mentions the
• Cyrenius — Cyrenius is an older English and Latinized form of Quirinius, the Roman official named in Luke 2:2 in connection with the census a
• Cyril of Alexandria — Cyril of Alexandria was a fifth-century bishop and theologian whose Christological teaching strongly shaped the church’s defense o
• Cyril of Jerusalem — A fourth-century bishop of Jerusalem whose catechetical lectures are important for studying early Christian instruction, baptism,
• Cyrus — Cyrus the Great was the Persian king whom God used to end the Babylonian exile and authorize the Jewish return to Jerusalem and th
• Cyrus Cylinder — An ancient Persian royal inscription from the time of Cyrus II that provides historical background for the Old Testament return fr
• Cyrus the Great — Cyrus the Great was the Persian king whom God used to permit the Jewish exiles to return from Babylon and rebuild the temple. Scri
• Cyrus's Decree — The royal proclamation of Cyrus king of Persia that allowed Jewish exiles to return to Jerusalem and rebuild the temple.
• Martyrdom of Cyprian — An early Christian martyrdom account about the arrest, trial, and death of Cyprian of Carthage under Roman persecution.
• Rooster — A rooster is mentioned in the Gospel accounts of Peter’s denial of Jesus. Its role is narrative, marking the time of Peter’s denia
• Theology of Cyprian — The major doctrinal and pastoral emphases found in the writings of Cyprian of Carthage, especially his teaching on church unity, e